Madang languages
Papua New Guinean language family
| Madang | |
|---|---|
| Madang–Adelbert Range | |
| Geographic distribution | Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Northeast New Guinea and/or Trans–New Guinea
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Glottolog | mada1298 |
 Map: The Madang languages of New Guinea The Madang languages Trans–New Guinea languages Other Papuan languages Austronesian languages Uninhabited | |
The Madang or Madang–Adelbert Range languages are a language family of Papua New Guinea. They were classified as a branch of Trans–New Guinea by Stephen Wurm, followed by Malcolm Ross. William A. Foley concurs that it is "highly likely" that the Madang languages are part of TNG, although the pronouns, the usual basis for classification in TNG, have been "replaced" in Madang. Timothy Usher finds that Madang is closest to the Upper Yuat River languages and other families to its west, but does not for now address whether this larger group forms part of the TNG family.[1]
The family is named after Madang Province and the Adelbert Range.
History
Sidney Herbert Ray identified the Rai Coast family in 1919. In 1951 these were linked with the Mabuso languages by Arthur Capell to create his Madang family. John Z'graggen (1971, 1975) expanded Madang to languages of the Adelbert Range and renamed the family Madang–Adelbert Range, and Stephen Wurm (1975)[2] adopted this as a branch of his Trans–New Guinea phylum. For the most part, Malcolm Ross's (2005) Madang family includes the same languages as Z'graggen Madang–Adelbert Range, but the internal classification is different in several respects, such as the dissolution of the Brahman branch.
Internal classification
The languages are as follows:[1][3]
- Madang
- Bargam (Mugil)
- Central Madang
- Croisilles (reduced, = Northern Adelbert Range)
- Mabuso
- Mindjim
- Rai Coast (reduced; > South Madang)
- Yamben
- West Madang
- Southern Adelbert Range (Sogeram and Tomul Rivers)
- Kalam (Kaironk River)
- East Madang
The time depth of Madang is comparable to that of Austronesian or Indo-European.
Pronouns
Ross (2000) reconstructed the pronouns as follows:
sg pl 1 *ya *i[4] 2 *na *ni, *ta 3 *nu
These are not the common TNG pronouns. However, Ross postulates that the TNG dual suffixes *-le and *-t remain, and suggests that the TNG pronouns live on as Kalam verbal suffixes.
Evolution
Madang family reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma:[5]
Family-wide innovations
- pTNG *mbena ‘arm’ > proto-Madang *kambena (accretion of *ka-)
- pTNG *mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’ > proto-Madang *timbi(n,t) (metathesis)
- pTNG *(n)ok ‘water’ replaced by proto-Madang *yaŋgu
Croisilles
- muki ‘brain’ < *muku
- bi ‘guts’ < *simbi
- hap ‘cloud’ < *samb(V)
- balamu ‘firelight’ < *mbalaŋ
- wani ‘name’ < *[w]ani ‘who?’
- wus ‘wind, breeze’ < *kumbutu
- kalam ‘moon’ < *kala(a,i)m
- neg- ‘to watch’ < *nVŋg- ‘see, know’
- ma ‘taro’ < *mV
- ahi ‘sand’ < *sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ
- in- ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)-
- kawus ‘smoke’ < *kambu
- tawu-na ‘ashes’ < *sambu
- imun ‘hair’ < *sumu(n,t)
- ano ‘who’ < *[w]ani
- *waben ‘arm, hand’ < *mbena
- *bab ‘older brother’ < *[mb]amba
- *ked ‘blood’ < *ke(nj,s)a
- *gemaŋ ‘heart’ < *kamu
- *kumaŋ ‘neck, nape’ < *kuma(n, ŋ)
- *kasin ‘mosquito’ < *kasin
- *um- ‘die’ < *kumV-
- *in- ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)[m]-
- *ag- 'see' ‘know, hear, see’ < *nVŋg-
- *me (+verb) ‘NEG’ < *ma- (+verb)
- *yag ‘water’ < *ok[V]
- *tak ‘leaf’ < *sasak
Kalam
Kalam language (most closely related to the Rai Coast languages):
- meg ‘teeth’ < *maŋgat[a]
- md-magi ‘heart’ < *mundu-maŋgV
- mkem ‘cheek’ < *mVkVm ‘cheek, chin’
- sb ‘excrement, guts’ < *simbi
- muk ‘milk, sap, brain’ < *muku
- yman ‘louse’ < *iman
- yb ‘name’ < *imbi
- kdl ‘root’ < *kindil
- malaŋ ‘flame’ < *mbalaŋ
- melk ‘(fire or day)light’ < *(m,mb)elak
- kn- ‘to sleep, lie down’ < *kini(i,u)[m]-
- kum- ‘die’ < *kumV-
- md- < *mVna- ‘be, stay’
- nŋ-, ng- ‘perceive, know, see, hear, etc’ < *nVŋg-
- kawnan ‘shadow, spirit’ < *k(a,o)
- nan, takn ‘moon’ < *takVn[V]
- magi ‘round thing, egg, fruit, etc.’ < *maŋgV
- ami ‘mother’ < *am(a,i,u)
- b ‘man’ < *ambi
- bapi, -ap ‘father’ < *mbapa, *ap
- saŋ ‘women’s dancing song’ < *saŋ
- ma- ‘negator’ < *ma-
- an ‘who’ < *[w]ani
Rai Coast
- man- ‘be, stay’ < *mVna-
- mekh ‘teeth’ < *maŋgat[a]
- im ‘louse’ < *iman
- munu ‘heart’ < *mundun ‘inner organs’
- kum- ‘die’ < *kumV-
- kono ‘shadow’ < *k(a,o)nan
- kini- ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)[m]-
- ra- ‘take’ < *(nd,t)a-
- urau ‘long’ < *k(o,u)ti(mb,p)V
- gra ‘dry’ < *(ŋg,k)atata
Southern Adelbert
- mun(zera) ‘be, stay’ < *mVna-
- kaja ‘blood’ < *kenja
- miku ‘brain’ < *muku
- simbil ‘guts’ < *simbi
- tipi ‘fingernail’ < *mb(i,)ut(i,u)C (metathesis)
- iːma ‘louse’ < *iman
- ibu ‘name’ < *imbi
- kanumbu ‘wind’ < *kumbutu
- mundu(ma) ‘nose’ < *mundu
- kaːsi ‘sand’ < *sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ
- apapara ‘butterfly’ < *apa(pa)ta
- kumu- ‘die’ < *kumV-
- ŋg- ‘see’ < *nVŋg-
Proto-language
The following selected reconstructions of Proto-Madang by Ross (2014)[7] are from the Trans-New Guinea database.[8] Proto-Trans–New Guinea reconstructions are from Andrew Pawley and Harald Hammarström (2018).[5]: 141–146
gloss Proto-Madang Proto-Trans–New Guinea head *gat(a,i)(m) *kV(mb,p)utu; mVtVna hair *imunu *(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *iti ear *kaun(i) *kand(i,e)k[V] eye *amu *ŋg(a,u)mu; *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV; *nVpV nose *mutu(gu) *mundu tooth *make *titi tongue *mele *me(l,n)e; *mbilaŋ leg *kani(n) *k(a,o)nd(a,o)[C]; *kitu louse *[n]iman *(n)iman bird *kVbara *yaka[i]; *n[e]i egg *munaka *mun(a,e,i)ka; *maŋgV blood *ka(d,r)a; *kara *ke(nj,s)a bone *kwaten *kondaC skin *ga(n,r)a *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu breast *amu(na) *amu tree *tari *inda woman *na-gali(k) *panV sky *ku(m,b)ut *kumut, *tumuk; *samb[V] sun *kamali *kamali; *ketane moon *kalam; *takun *kal(a,i)m; *takVn[V] water *yag(V) *(n)ok[V] fire *k(a,e)dap *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p; *inda; *kambu stone *namanu *[na]muna; *kamb(a,u)na name *ibi; *wañim *imbi; *wani eat *(n,ñ)a *na- one *kati(ŋ,g)a two *arigita *ta(l,t)(a,e)
Notes
- ^ a b c Madang
- ^ Ethnologue (15th edition)
- ^ Pick, Andrew (2019). "Yamben: A previously undocumented language of Madang" (PDF). 5th Workshop on the Languages of Papua. Universitas Negeri Papua, Manokwari, West Papua, Indonesia.
- ^ actually i ~ si
- ^ a b Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- ^ Pick, Andrew (2020). A reconstruction of Proto-Northern Adelbert phonology and lexicon (PDF) (PhD dissertation). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.
- ^ Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Madang. TransNewGuinea.org.
- ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
References
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
- Pawley, Ross, & Osmond, 2005. Papuan languages and the Trans New Guinea phylum. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 38–51.
CLDF Dataset
- Z'graggen, J A. (1980) A comparative word list of the Northern Adelbert Range Languages, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. (CLDF dataset on Zenodo doi:10.5281/zenodo.3537580)
External links
- ELAR archive of Documenting the Sogeram Language Family of Papua New Guinea
