MYH16 gene

Pseudogene in the species Homo sapiens

MYH16

Identifiers

Aliases

MYH16, MHC20, MYH16P, MYH5, myosin, heavy chain 16 pseudogene, myosin heavy chain 16 pseudogene, MYH16 gene

External IDs

GeneCards: MYH16; OMA:MYH16 - orthologs

Gene location (Human)

Chr.	Chromosome 7 (human)^[1]

Band	7q22.1	Start	99,238,829 bp^[1]
Band	7q22.1	End	99,311,130 bp^[1]

RNA expression pattern

Bgee

Human

Mouse (ortholog)

Top expressed in

testicle

right testis

left testis

islet of Langerhans

right uterine tube

stromal cell of endometrium

gallbladder

gonad

tibial arteries

skeletal muscle tissue

n/a

More reference expression data

BioGPS

n/a

Orthologs

Species

Human

Mouse

Entrez


84176


n/a

Ensembl


ENSG00000002079


n/a

UniProt


n a


n/a

RefSeq (mRNA)


n/a


n/a

RefSeq (protein)


n/a


n/a

Location (UCSC)

Chr 7: 99.24 – 99.31 Mb

n/a

PubMed search

^[2]

n/a

Wikidata

View/Edit Human

The MYH16 gene encodes a protein called myosin heavy chain 16, which is a muscle protein in mammals. At least in primates, it is a specialized muscle protein found only in the temporalis and masseter muscles of the jaw.^[3]^[4] Myosin heavy chain proteins are important in muscle contraction, and if they are missing, the muscles will be smaller.^[3] In non-human primates, MYH16 is functional and the animals have powerful jaw muscles. In humans, the MYH16 gene has a mutation that causes the protein not to function.^[5] Although the exact importance of this change in accounting for differences between humans and other apes is not yet clear, such a change may be related to increased brain size and finer control of the jaw, which facilitates speech.^[3] It is not clear how the MYH16 mutation relates to other changes to the jaw and skull in early human evolution (for example, whether the MYH16 mutation happened first and led to other changes, or whether the MYH16 mutation happened after other changes made the MYH16 protein no longer necessary).^[3]

The initial discovery of the human MYH16 mutation was published in 2004 by a team at the University of Pennsylvania led by Hansell H. Stedman.^[4] The date of the mutation has variously been estimated at 2.4 million years ago^[4] or 5.3 million years ago.^[6]

The MYH16 gene is present in dogs,^[6] but does not appear to be present in mice.^[7]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000002079 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Carroll, Sean B. (2005). Endless forms most beautiful: the new science of evo-devo and the making of the animal kingdom. New York: Norton. pp. 272–274. ISBN 0-393-32779-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c Stedman HH, Kozyak BW, Nelson A, Thesier DM, Su LT, Low DW, Bridges CR, Shrager JB, Minugh-Purvis N, Mitchell MA (March 2004). "Myosin gene mutation correlates with anatomical changes in the human lineage". Nature. 428 (6981): 415–8. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..415S. doi:10.1038/nature02358. PMID 15042088. S2CID 4304466.
^ Pereira TV, Salzano FM, Mostowska A, Trzeciak WH, Ruiz-Linares A, Chies JA, Saavedra C, Nagamachi C, Hurtado AM, Hill K, Castro-de-Guerra D, Silva-Júnior WA, Bortolini MC (April 2006). "Natural selection and molecular evolution in primate PAX9 gene, a major determinant of tooth development". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (15): 5676–81. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.5676P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509562103. PMC 1458632. PMID 16585527.
^ ^a ^b Perry GH, Verrelli BC, Stone AC (March 2005). "Comparative analyses reveal a complex history of molecular evolution for human MYH16". Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (3): 379–82. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi004. PMID 15470226. S2CID 44618003.
^ Zhu J, Sanborn JZ, Diekhans M, Lowe CB, Pringle TH, Haussler D (December 2007). "Comparative genomics search for losses of long-established genes on the human lineage". PLOS Comput. Biol. 3 (12): e247. Bibcode:2007PLSCB...3..247Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030247. PMC 2134963. PMID 18085818.

External links

Story from Science Scoop
Hopkin M (25 March 2004). "Jaw-dropping theory of human evolution". Nature News. doi:10.1038/news040322-9.
"Symbol Report: MYH16". HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC).

Proteins of the cytoskeleton

Human

Microfilaments
and ABPs

Myofilament

Actins	A1 A2 B C1 G1 G2
Myosins	I MYO1A MYO1B MYO1C MYO1D MYO1E MYO1F MYO1G MYO1H) II MYH1 MYH2 MYH3 MYH4 MYH6 MYH7 MYH7B MYH8 MYH9 MYH10 MYH11 MYH13 MYH14 MYH15 MYH16 III MYO3A MYO3B V MYO5A MYO5B MYO5C VI MYO6 VII MYO7A MYO7B IX MYO9A MYO9B X MYO10 XV MYO15A XVIII MYO18A MYO18B LC MYL1 MYL2 MYL3 MYL4 MYL5 MYL6 MYL6B MYL7 MYL9 MYLIP MYLK MYLK2 MYLL1
Other	Tropomodulin 1 2 3 4 Troponin T 1 2 3 C 1 2 I 1 2 3 Tropomyosin 1 2 3 4 Actinin 1 2 3 4 Arp2/3 complex actin depolymerizing factors Cofilin 1 2 Destrin Gelsolin Profilin 1 2 Titin

Other

Intermediate
filaments

Type 1/2
(Keratin,
Cytokeratin)

Epithelial keratins (soft alpha-keratins)	type I/chromosome 17 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 chromosome 12 18 none 21 type II/chromosome 12 1 2A 3 4 5 6A 6B 6C 7 8
Hair keratins (hard alpha-keratins)	type I/chromosome 17 31 32 33A 33B 34 35 36 37 38 type II/chromosome 12 81 82 83 84 85 86
Ungrouped alpha	chromosome 17 23 24 25 26 27 28 39 40 chromosome 12 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Not alpha	Beta-keratin

Type 3

Type 4

Type 5

Microtubules
and MAPs

Tubulins	TUBA1A TUBA1B TUBA1C TUBA3C TUBA3D TUBA3E TUBA4A TUBA8 TUBB TUBB1 TUBB2A TUBB2B TUBB2C TUBB3 TUBB4 TUBB4Q TUBB6 TUBB8 TUBG1 TUBG2 TUBGCP2 TUBGCP3 TUBGCP4 TUBGCP5 TUBGCP6 TUBD1 TUBE1
MAPs	EB1 EB2 EB3 MAP1A MAP1B MAP2 MAP4
Kinesins	KIF1A KIF1B KIF2A KIF2C KIF3B KIF3C KIF4A KIF4B KIF5A KIF5B KIF5C KIF6 KIF7 KIF9 KIF11 KIF12 KIF13A KIF13B KIF14 KIF15 KIF16B KIF17 KIF18A KIF18B KIF19 KIF20A KIF20B KIF21A KIF21B KIF22 KIF23 KIF24 KIF25 KIF26A KIF26B KIF27 KIFC1 KIFC2 KIFC3
Dyneins	axonemal: DNAH1 DNAH2 DNAH3 DNAH5 DNAH6 DNAH7 DNAH8 DNAH9 DNAH10 DNAH11 DNAH12 DNAH13 DNAH14 DNAH17 DNAI1 DNAI2 DNALI1 DNAL1 DNAL4 cytoplasmic: DYNC1H1 DYNC2H1 DYNC1I1 DYNC1I2 DYNC1LI1 DYNC1LI2 DYNC2LI1 DYNLL1 DYNLL2 DYNLRB1 DYNLRB2 DYNLT1 DYNLT3
Microtubule organising proteins	CAMSAP1 CAMSAP2 CAMSAP3 Centrin 1 Centrin 2 Centrin 3 PCM1
Microtubule severing proteins	Katanin Spastin
Other	Tau protein Dynactin DCTN1 Stathmin Tektin TEKT1 TEKT2 TEKT3 TEKT4 TEKT5 Dynamin DNM1 DNM2 DNM3