Legiunea Arhanghelului Mihail

Bendera pergerakan Legiunea Arhanghelului Mihail

Legiunea Arhanghelului Mihail (dalam bahasa Romania bermaksud "Legion Malaikat Mikail") ialah sebuah parti politik berfahaman jauh kanan anti-komunis, anti-Samawi dan anti-Roma[1][2] yang wujud di negara Romania dari tahun 1926 sehingga menjelang Perang Dunia Kedua. Ia turut dikenali dengan jolokan "Pengawal Besi" (Romania: Garda de fiercode: ro is deprecated ), atau "Baju Hijau" (Cămășile verzi) kerana pakaian seragam mereka.[3]

Parti ini ditubuhkan Corneliu Zelea Codreanu setelah meninggalkan Liga Pertahanan Kristian Kebangsaan (Liga Apărării Național Creștine)[4] Parti ini mendapat perhatian dalam kalangan lepasan universiti yang tidak berpuas hati kerana gagal mendapat peluang pekerjaan, terutamanya semasa Kemelesetan Besar; para graduan ini termakan mesej yang dibawa parti ini konon-kononnya masyrakat Yahudilah yang menghalang mereka daripada peluang pekerjaan yang diingini itu.[5]

Parti ini bertindak melakukan banyak pembunuhan ahli politik sebaik sahaja berada dalam tampuk pemerintahan Romania (Negara Legioner Kebangsaan Romania), antaranya lebih 60 orang ternama serta juga tokoh tinggi seperti mantan Perdana Menteri Nicolae Iorga.

Legion ini dihapuskan askar-askar Ion Antonescu pada Januari 1941 selepas kelompok tersebut memberontak akibat perselisihan faham antara mereka dengan Antonescu.[6]

Rujukan

  1. ^ Florin Constantiniu, O istorie sinceră a poporului român, m/s. 341
  2. ^ Djuvara, Neagu: O scurtă istorie a românilor povestită celor tineri
  3. ^ Rujuk: R.G. Waldeck, Athene Palace, University of Chicago Press eBook (2013), ISBN 022608647X, m/s. 182. Dicetak asal pada 1942.
  4. ^ Ioanid, "The Sacralised Politics of the Romanian Iron Guard".
  5. ^ Crampton, Richard Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century-And After, London: Routledge, 1997 p. 115.
  6. ^ "The report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania (in English and Romanian)". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2011-12-29. Dicapai pada 2011-11-30. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (bantuan)

Bibliografi

  • Chioveanu, Mihai. Faces of Fascism, by (Universiti Bucharest, 2005, Bab 5: The Case of Romanian Fascism, ISBN 973-737-110-0).
  • Heinen, Armin : ''Die Legion "Erzengel Michael" in Rumänien. Soziale Bewegung und politische Organisation. Ein Beitrag zum Problem des internationalen Faschismus'', R. Oldenbourg Verlag, München, 1986, Band 83 vun der Rei ''Südosteuropäische Arbeiten'', 558 S.
  • Ioanid, Radu. The Sword of the Archangel, (Columbia University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-88033-189-5).
  • Iordachi, Constantin. "Charisma, Religion, and Ideology: Romania's Interwar Legion of the Archangel Michael", in John R. Lampe, Mark Mazower (eds.), Ideologies and National Identities: The Case of Twentieth-century Southeastern Europe, Central European University Press, Budapest, 2004
  • Nagy-Talavera, Nicholas M.: ''The Green Shirts and Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and Romania'', Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1970.
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