Proborhyaenidae

Proborhyaenidae Temporal range: Mid Eocene-Late Oligocene (Mustersan-Deseadan) ~42–23 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Skull reconstruction of Proborhyaena
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	†Sparassodonta
Superfamily:	†Borhyaenoidea
Family:	†Proborhyaenidae Ameghino 1897
Genera
Arminiheringia Ameghino 1902 Callistoe Babot et al. 2002 Paraborhyaena Hoffstetter & Petter 1982 Proborhyaena Ameghino 1897
Synonyms
Arminiheringiidae Ameghino 1902

Proborhyaenidae is an extinct family of metatherian mammals of the order Sparassodonta, which lived in South America from the Eocene (Mustersan) until the Oligocene (Deseadan).^[1] Sometimes it has been included as a subfamily of their relatives, the borhyaenids (as Proborhyaeninae).^[2] The largest species, Proborhyaena gigantea, is estimated to be about the size of a spectacled bear, with its skull reaching 60 cm (2.0 ft) in length,^[3] and body mass estimates up to approximately 90–200 kg (200–440 lb), making the proborhyaenids some of the largest known metatherians.^[4][5][6] Proborhyaenid remains have been found in western Bolivia, Uruguay, southern Brazil, and the provinces of Mendoza, Salta, and Chubut, in Argentina.^[7]

Most proborhyaenids had a robust, hyena-like skull, although one species, Callistoe vincei, had an elongate, narrow skull more reminiscent of a thylacine.^[1] The teeth were strongly specialized as carnassials for eating meat, and in Arminiheringia rotated throughout the animal's life to maintain a continuous shearing blade on the tooth.^[2] Preserved specimens of their canines lack enamel;^[2] in life, the enamel may have been very thin or restricted to the tooth tips. In the genus Arminiheringia the lower canines are protruding. Proborhyaenids can be distinguished from other sparassodonts by their grooved upper and lower canines, which grew continuously throughout the animals' lives like rodent incisors. Bond and Pascual (1983) argued that proborhyaenid canines stopped growing in late adulthood based on a specimen from Mendoza Province, Argentina, but the proborhyaenid identity of this specimen is disputed.^[8][1] The presence of open-rooted upper canines in thylacosmilids has led to the suggestion that proborhyaenids are closely related to, or even ancestral to, this group, but this is still controversial.^[9][7]

Genera

• Family Proborhyaenidae^[1]
  • Genus Arminiheringia Ameghino 1902 - Argentina
  • Genus Callistoe Babot et al. 2002 - Argentina
  • Genus Paraborhyaena Hoffstetter & Petter 1982 - Bolivia
  • Genus Proborhyaena Ameghino 1897 - Argentina, Bolivia and Uruguay

References

Media related to Proborhyaenidae at Wikimedia Commons

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Metatheria

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Subclass: Theria
Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see Cynodontia Mammalia see Mammalia Metatheria see below↓

Metatheria
Metatheria †Adinodon †Archaeonothos †Esteslestes †Ghamidtherium †Holoclemensia? †Kasserinotherium †Protalphadon †Sinodelphys? †Deltatheroida Pappotherium? Deltatheridiidae Atokatheridium? Deltatheridium Deltatheroides Gurbanodelta Lotheridium Nanocuris Oklatheridium? Prodeltitheridium Sulestes Tsagandelta Marsupialiformes †Adelodelphys †Aenigmadelphys †Anchistodelphys †Andinodelphys †Arcantiodelphys †Camptomus? †Glasbius †Gurlin Tsav skull †Iugomortiferum †Jaskhadelphys †Mayulestes †Pucadelphys †Sinbadelphys †Sparassodonta see below↓ †Asiatheriidae Asiatherium Kokopellia †Archimetatheria Iqualadelphis Stagodontidae Didelphodon Eobrasilia? Eodelphis Fumodelphodon Hoodootherium Pariadens? Pediomyoidea Aquiladelphis Austropediomys Dakotadens Monodelphopsis Pediomys Protolambda Scalaridelphys Unnuakomys †Peradectidae Armintodelphys Didelphidectes Mimoperadectes Nanodelphys Peradectes Siamoperadectes †Alphadontidae Albertatherium Alphadon Eoalphadon Turgidodon †Herpetotheriidae Amphiperatherium Asiadidelphis Copedelphys Ectocentrocristus Entomacodon Galatiadelphys Golerdelphys Herpetotherium Indodelphis Maastrichtidelphys Morotodon? Nortedelphys Peratherium Rumiodon? Swaindelphys Thylacodon †Anatoliadelphyidae Anatoliadelphys Orhaniyeia †Polydolopimorphia see below↓ Marsupialia Ameridelphia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Australidelphia

Sparassodonta
Sparassodonta Allqokirus Argyrolestes Hondadelphys Nemolestes Patene Procladosictis Stylocynus Hathliacynidae Acyon Australogale Borhyaenidium Chasicostylus Cladosictis Notictis Notocynus Notogale Perathereutes Pseudonotictis Sallacyon Sipalocyon Borhyaenoidea Angelocabrerus Chlorocyon Dukecynus Fredszalaya Lycopsis Pharsophorus Plesiofelis Prothylacinus Pseudolycopsis Pseudothylacynus Borhyaenidae Acrocyon Arctodictis Australohyaena Borhyaena Eutemnodus? Proborhyaenidae Arminiheringia Callistoe Paraborhyaena Proborhyaena Thylacosmilidae Anachlysictis Eomakhaira Patagosmilus Thylacosmilus

Polydolopimorphia

Polydolopimorphia Apeirodon? Bobbschaefferia Caroloameghinia Carolocoutoia Guggenheimia Gashternia Hatcheritherium Palangania Procaroloameghinia Protodidelphis Pujatodon? Reigia Robertbutleria Wamradolops Zeusdelphys Bonapartheriiformes Bonapartheriidae Bonapartherium Epidolops Argyrolagidae Anargyrolagus Argyrolagus Hondalagus Microtragulus Proargyrolagus Chulpasiinae Chulpasia Thylacotinga Prepidolopidae Incadolops Perrodelphys Prepidolops Punadolops Seumandia Rosendolopidae Hondonadia Rosendolops Polydolopiformes Polydolopidae Amphidolops Antarctodolops Eudolops Eurydolops Hypodolops Kramadolops Parabderites Polydolops Pseudolops Sillustaniidae Roberthoffstetteria Sillustania