List of lagomorphs

Animals in mammal order Lagomorpha

Brown rabbit
European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Brown pika
Large-eared pika (Ochotona macrotis)

Lagomorpha is an order of placental mammals, comprising the rabbits, hares, and pikas. Members of this order are called lagomorphs. It currently comprises 93 extant species, which are grouped into 12 genera. Lagomorphs live on every major landmass except Antarctica, and in a variety of habitats, especially forests, grasslands, shrublands, and rocky areas. They are generally small in size and come in two main groupings of body plans, the larger rabbit group and smaller pika group, ranging overall from the 11 cm (4 in) long Gansu pika to the 76 cm (30 in) long desert hare. The domestic rabbit subspecies of the European rabbit has been domesticated, resulting in a worldwide distribution.

Lagomorpha is divided into two families: Leporidae, comprising the rabbits and hares; and Ochotonidae, or the pikas. The 64 extant species of Leporidae are divided into 11 genera, though the majority of the species are placed into Sylvilagus (cottontail rabbits) and Lepus (hares); the 29 extant species of Ochotonidae are grouped into a single genus, Ochotona. The exact organization of the species is not fixed, with many recent proposals made based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. No lagomorph species have recently gone extinct, though some species are endangered and the riverine rabbit is critically endangered.

Conventions

Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the collective range of species in that genera is provided. Ranges are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera or species listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

Worldwide except for Antarctica, southern South America, northern Oceania, and inland Greenland
Lagomorpha range

The order Lagomorpha consists of 93 extant species belonging to 12 genera. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Modern molecular studies indicate that the 12 genera can be grouped into 2 families.[1]

Family Leporidae

Family Ochotonidae

Lagomorphs

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.[2]

Family Leporidae

Members of the Leporidae family are called leporids, or colloquially rabbits and hares. Leporidae comprises 73 extant species, divided into 11 genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – eleven genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Brachylagus

Gray rabbit

Miller, 1900

One species
 		Western America (introduced in red)
Map of range 		Size: 23–30 cm (9–12 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail[3]

Habitats: Shrubland and desert[4]

Diet: Sagebrush, as well as grass and other plants[3]
Bunolagus

Gray rabbit

Thomas, 1929

One species
 		Southern South America
Map of range 		Size: 33–47 cm (13–19 in) long, plus 7–11 cm (3–4 in) tail[5]

Habitats: Shrubland[6]

Diet: Shrubs as well as grass[6]
Caprolagus

Drawing of brown hare

Blyth, 1845

One species
 		Himalayas
Map of range 		Size: 38–50 cm (15–20 in) long, plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail[7]

Habitats: Grassland and inland wetlands[8]

Diet: Grass as well as other plants[8]
Lepus
(hare)

Brown hare

Linnaeus, 1758

32 species
 		Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America Size range: 28 cm (11 in) long, plus 5 cm (2 in) tail (Yarkand hare) to 76 cm (30 in) long (Desert hare)[9]

Habitats: Desert, coastal marine, inland wetlands, forest, shrubland, rocky areas, savanna, caves, and grassland[10]

Diets: Wide variety of plants[10]
Nesolagus
(striped rabbit)

Stuffed brown rabbit

Major, 1899

Two species
 		Sumatra and the Annamite Range in Laos and Vietnam Size range: 35 cm (14 in) long (Annamite striped rabbit) to 42 cm (17 in) long plus 17 cm (7 in) tail (Sumatran striped rabbit)[11]

Habitats: Forest[12]

Diets: Various plants[12]
Oryctolagus

Brown and white rabbit

Lilljeborg, 1762

One species
 		Europe, southern South America, and Oceana (native in orange, introduced in purple)
Map of range 		Size: 38–50 cm (15–20 in) long[13]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[14]

Diet: Grass, leaves, buds, bark, and roots[13]
Pentalagus

Stuffed brown rabbit

Lyon, 1904

One species
 		Southern tip of Japan
Map of range 		Size: 39–53 cm (15–21 in) long, plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail[15]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and intertidal marine[16]

Diet: Herbs, shrubs, and acorns[16]
Poelagus St. Leger, 1932

One species
 		Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 45–50 cm (18–20 in) long, plus 4–5 cm (1.6–2.0 in) tail[17]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, and rocky areas[18]

Diet: Grass, shrubs, forbs, and tubers[17]
Pronolagus
(red rock hare)

Gray rabbit

Lyon, 1904

Four species
 		Southern Africa Size range: 38 cm (15 in) long, plus 5 cm (2 in) tail (Hewitt's red rock hare) to 56 cm (22 in) long plus 11 cm (4 in) tail (Natal red rock hare)[19]

Habitats: Desert, grassland, shrubland, and rocky areas[20]

Diets: Grass, herbs, and shrubs[20]
Romerolagus

Gray rabbit

Merriam, 1896

One species
 		Southern Mexico
Map of range 		Size: 27–32 cm (11–13 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[21]

Habitats: Forest and grassland[22]

Diet: Grass[21]
Sylvilagus
(cottontail rabbit)

Brown rabbit

Gray, 1867

19 species
 		North America and South America Size range: 21 cm (8 in) long, plus 1 cm (0.4 in) tail (Tres Marias cottontail) to 55 cm (22 in) long plus 8 cm (3 in) tail (Swamp rabbit)[23]

Habitats: Desert, inland wetlands, intertidal marine, forest, shrubland, rocky areas, savanna, and grassland[24]

Diets: Wide variety of plants[24]

Family Ochotonidae

Members of the Ochotonidae family are called ochotonids, or colloquially pikas. Ochotonidae comprises 34 extant species, which are all contained within a single genus.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Ochotona
(pika)

Gray and brown pika carrying flowers

Link, 1795

29 species
 		Asia and western North America Size range: 11 cm (4 in) long (Gansu pika) to 29 cm (11 in) long (Northern pika)[25]

Habitats: Desert, forest, shrubland, rocky areas, and grassland[26]

Diets: Wide variety of plants[26]

References

  1. ^ a b Matthee, C. A.; Van Vuuren, B. J.; Bell, D.; Robinson, T. J. (2004). "A Molecular Supermatrix of the Rabbits and Hares (Leporidae) Allows for the Identification of Five Intercontinental Exchanges During the Miocene". Systematic Biology. 53 (3): 433–477. doi:10.1080/10635150490445715. PMID 15503672.
  2. ^ Wilson, Reeder, pp. 185–211
  3. ^ a b Rohde, Ashley (2006). "Brachylagus idahoensis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
  4. ^ Rachlow, J.; Becker, P. A.; Shipley, L. (2016). "Brachylagus idahoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2963A45176206. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T2963A45176206.en.
  5. ^ Smith, Johnston, Alves, Hackländer, p. 91
  6. ^ a b Collins, K.; Bragg, C.; Birss, C. (2019). "Bunolagus monticularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T3326A45176532. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3326A45176532.en.
  7. ^ Smith, Johnston, Alves, Hackländer, p. 94
  8. ^ a b Aryal, A.; Yadav, B. (2019). "Caprolagus hispidus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T3833A45176688. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3833A45176688.en.
  9. ^ Lepus sizes:
  10. ^ a b Lepus habitats and diets:
  11. ^ Nesolagus sizes:
  12. ^ a b Nesolagus habitats and diets:
    • Sumatran striped rabbit: McCarthy, J.; Holden, J.; Martyr, D.; McCarthy, K. (2019). "Nesolagus netscheri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T14662A45178557. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T14662A45178557.en.
    • Annamite striped rabbit: Tilker, A.; Timmins, R. J.; Nguyen The Truong, A.; Coudrat, C. N. Z.; Gray, T.; Le Trong Trai, Willcox; D. H. A., Abramov; A. V., Wilkinson; N., Steinmetz; R. (2019). "Nesolagus timminsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41209A45181925. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41209A45181925.en.; Hoedl, Amanda (2012). "Nesolagus timminsi". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
  13. ^ a b Tislerics, Ati (2000). "Oryctolagus cuniculus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
  14. ^ Villafuerte, R.; Delibes-Mateos, M. (2020) [errata version of 2019 assessment]. "Oryctolagus cuniculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41291A170619657. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T41291A170619657.en.
  15. ^ Smith, Johnston, Alves, Hackländer, p. 105
  16. ^ a b Yamada, F. and Smith; A. T. (2016). "Pentalagus furnessi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16559A45180151. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16559A45180151.en.
  17. ^ a b Portman, Charles (2004). "Poelagus marjorita". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
  18. ^ Johnston, C. H.; Smith, A. T. (2019). "Poelagus marjorita". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41292A45189965. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41292A45189965.en.
  19. ^ Pronolagus sizes:
  20. ^ a b Pronolagus habitats and diets:
  21. ^ a b Smith, Johnston, Alves, Hackländer, pp. 114–115
  22. ^ Velázquez, A.; Guerrero, J. A. (2019). "Romerolagus diazi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T19742A45180356. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T19742A45180356.en.
  23. ^ Sylvilagus sizes:
    • Andean tapeti: Smith, Johnston, Alves, Hackländer, p. 127
    • Common tapeti, Central American tapeti, Santa Marta tapeti: Ruedas, L. A.; Marques, S. S.; French, J. H.; Platt II, R. N.; Salazar-Bravo, J.; Mora, J. M.; Thompson, C. W. (October 22, 2019). "Taxonomy of the Sylvilagus brasiliensis complex in Central and South America (Lagomorpha: Leporidae)". Journal of Mammalogy. 100 (5): 1599–1630. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyz126.
    • Swamp rabbit: Smith, Johnston, Alves, Hackländer, p. 118
    • Desert cottontail: Smith, Johnston, Alves, Hackländer, p. 120
    • Brush rabbit: Smith, Johnston, Alves, Hackländer, p. 123
    • Mexican cottontail: Smith, Johnston, Alves, Hackländer, p. 132
    • Dice's cottontail: Smith, Johnston, Alves, Hackländer, p. 136
    • Eastern cottontail: Smith, Johnston, Alves, Hackländer, p. 138
    • Tres Marias cottontail: Viswanathan, Lata (2000). "Sylvilagus graysoni". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
    • Davis Mountains cottontail: Diersing, V. E.; Wilson, D. E. (June 17, 2021). "Systematics of the mountain-inhabiting cottontails (Sylvilagus) from southwestern United States and northern Mexico (Mammalia: Lagomorpha: Leporidae)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 134 (1): 42–79. doi:10.2988/006-324X-134.1.42. S2CID 236295647.
    • Omilteme cottontail: Lorenzo, C.; Brown, D. E.; Lanier, H. C. (2019). "Sylvilagus insonus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T21207A45180771. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T21207A45180771.en.
    • Mountain cottontail: Feldhamer, Carlyle, Chapman, p. 104
    • Appalachian cottontail: Kurta, p. 96
    • Marsh rabbit: Thompson, Leah (2008). "Sylvilagus palustris". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
    • Coastal tapeti: Ruedas, L. A.; Marques, S. S.; French, J. H.; Platt II, R. N.; Salazar-Bravo, J.; Mora, J. M.; Thompson, C. W. (February 9, 2017). "A Prolegomenon to the Systematics of South American Cottontail Rabbits (Mammalia, Lagomorpha Leporidae: Sylvilagus)". Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. 205. ISSN 0076-8405.
    • New England cottontail: Berenson, Tessa (2012). "Sylvilagus transitionalis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
    • Venezuelan lowland rabbit: Durant, P.; Guevara, M. A. (March 2001). "A new rabbit species (Sylvilagus, Mammalia: Leporidae) from the lowlands of Venezuela". Revista de Biología Tropical. 49 (1).
  24. ^ a b Sylvilagus habitats and diets:
    • Andean tapeti: Ruedas, L. A.; Smith, A. T. (2020) [errata version of 2019 assessment]. "Sylvilagus andinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T142541491A165117323. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T142541491A165117323.en.
    • Santa Marta tapeti: Ruedas, L. A.; Marques, S. S.; French, J. H.; Platt II, R. N.; Salazar-Bravo, J.; Mora, J. M.; Thompson, C. W. (October 22, 2019). "Taxonomy of the Sylvilagus brasiliensis complex in Central and South America (Lagomorpha: Leporidae)". Journal of Mammalogy. 100 (5): 1599–1630. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyz126.
    • Swamp rabbit: Lanier, H. C.; Nielsen, C. (2019). "Sylvilagus aquaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41296A45190578. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41296A45190578.en.; Roszko, Annamarie (2007). "Sylvilagus aquaticus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
    • Desert cottontail: Smith, A. T.; Brown, D. E. (2019). "Sylvilagus audubonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41297A45190821. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41297A45190821.en.
    • Brush rabbit: Kelly, P. A.; Lorenzo, C.; Alvarez-Castaneda, S. T. (2019). "Sylvilagus bachmani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41302A45192710. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41302A45192710.en.
    • Common tapeti: Ruedas, L. A.; Marques, S. S.; French, J. H.; Platt II, R. N.; Salazar-Bravo, J.; Mora, J. M.; Thompson, C. W. (October 22, 2019). "Taxonomy of the Sylvilagus brasiliensis complex in Central and South America (Lagomorpha: Leporidae)". Journal of Mammalogy. 100 (5): 1599–1630. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyz126.; Ruedas, L.; Smith, A. T. (2019). "Sylvilagus brasiliensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T87491102A45191186. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T87491102A45191186.en.
    • Mexican cottontail: Lorenzo, C.; Lanier, H. C. (2019). "Sylvilagus cunicularius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T21211A45181292. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T21211A45181292.en.; Smith, Johnston, Alves, Hackländer, p. 132
    • Dice's cottontail: Mora, J. M.; Ruedas, L. and Smith; A. T. (2016). "Sylvilagus dicei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21209A45180947. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T21209A45180947.en.; Smith, Johnston, Alves, Hackländer, p. 136
    • Eastern cottontail: Nielsen, C.; Lanier, H. C. (2019). "Sylvilagus floridanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41299A45191626. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41299A45191626.en.
    • Central American tapeti: Ruedas, L. A.; Marques, S. S.; French, J. H.; Platt II, R. N.; Salazar-Bravo, J.; Mora, J. M.; Thompson, C. W. (October 22, 2019). "Taxonomy of the Sylvilagus brasiliensis complex in Central and South America (Lagomorpha: Leporidae)". Journal of Mammalogy. 100 (5): 1599–1630. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyz126.; Ruedas, L.; Smith, A. T. (2019). "Sylvilagus gabbi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T87491157A87491160. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T87491157A87491160.en.
    • Tres Marias cottontail: Lorenzo, C.; Lanier, H. C. (2019). "Sylvilagus graysoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T21206A45180643. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T21206A45180643.en.; Viswanathan, Lata (2000). "Sylvilagus graysoni". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
    • Davis Mountains cottontail: Ruedas, L. A.; Smith, A. T. (2020) [errata version of 2019 assessment]. "Sylvilagus robustus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41310A165116781. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T41310A165116781.en.
    • Omilteme cottontail: Lorenzo, C.; Brown, D. E.; Lanier, H. C. (2019). "Sylvilagus insonus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T21207A45180771. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T21207A45180771.en.
    • Mountain cottontail: Smith, A. T.; Brown, D. E. (2019). "Sylvilagus nuttallii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41300A45192243. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41300A45192243.en.; "Mountain Cottontail — Sylvilagus nuttallii". Montana Field Guide. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
    • Appalachian cottontail: Barry, R.; Lanier, H. C. (2019). "Sylvilagus obscurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41301A45192437. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T41301A45192437.en.
    • Marsh rabbit: McCleery, R.; Lanier, H. C. (2019). "Sylvilagus palustris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41303A45192995. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41303A45192995.en.; Thompson, Leah (2008). "Sylvilagus palustris". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
    • Coastal tapeti: Ruedas, L. A.; Marques, S. S.; French, J. H.; Platt II, R. N.; Salazar-Bravo, J.; Mora, J. M.; Thompson, C. W. (February 9, 2017). "A Prolegomenon to the Systematics of South American Cottontail Rabbits (Mammalia, Lagomorpha Leporidae: Sylvilagus)". Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. 205. ISSN 0076-8405.
    • New England cottontail: Litvaitis, J.; Lanier, H. C. (2019). "Sylvilagus transitionalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T21212A45181534. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T21212A45181534.en.; Berenson, Tessa (2012). "Sylvilagus transitionalis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
    • Venezuelan lowland rabbit: Johnston, C. H.; Smith, A. T. (2019). "Sylvilagus varynaensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41311A45193972. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41311A45193972.en.
  25. ^ Ochotona sizes:
  26. ^ a b Ochotona habitats and diets:

Sources

  • Feldhamer, George A.; Thompson, Bruce Carlyle; Chapman, Joseph A. (2003). Wild Mammals of North America. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-7416-1.
  • Kingdon, Jonathan (2015). The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals (Second ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4729-2531-2.
  • Kurta, Allen (1995). Mammals of the Great Lakes Region. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-06497-7.
  • Smith, Andrew T.; Johnston, Charlotte H.; Alves, Paolo C.; Hackländer, Klaus, eds. (2018). Lagomorphs: Pikas, Rabbits, and Hares of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-2340-1.
  • Smith, Andrew T.; Xie, Yan; Hoffmann, Robert S.; Lunde, Darrin; MacKinnon, John; Wilson, Don E.; Wozencraft, W. Chris, eds. (2010). A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-3411-2.
  • Verts, B. J.; Carraway, Leslie N. (1998). Land Mammals of Oregon. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21199-5.
  • Hoffmann, Robert S.; Smith, Andrew T. (2005). Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
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