First Congress of Vienna
The First Congress of Vienna was held in 1515, attended by the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian I, and the Jagiellonian brothers, Vladislaus II, King of Hungary and King of Bohemia, and Sigismund I, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Previously, Vladislaus and Maximilian had agreed on a Habsburg-Jagiellon mutual-succession treaty in 1506.[1] It became a turning point in the history of Central Europe. After the death of Vladislaus, and later his son and heir, the childless King Louis II at the Battle of Mohács against the Ottomans in 1526, the Habsburg-Jagellion mutual succession treaty ultimately increased the power of the Habsburgs and diminished that of the Jagiellonians.
Maximilian had been supporting Vasili III of the Grand Duchy of Moscow against the Jagiellonian rulers of Lithuania, Poland, Hungary and Bohemia, to advance the Habsburg claims to the succession in Hungary and Bohemia. The Jagiellonians had been facing simultaneous threats on all fronts, from the Emperor, the Russians, the Teutonic Order under Albert of Prussia, and the Crimean Tatars. The city of Smolensk fell to the Russians in 1514, and Maximilian planned a congress to cement his claims in central Europe. However, Lithuanian and Polish forces decisively defeated the Russian army at the Battle of Orsha on 8 September 1514, changing the balance of power.
The Congress opened at the Emperor's border, at Bratislava (Pressburg or Pozsony) in Hungary, where Maximilian's representative met Vladislaus and Sigismund, and concluded after they travelled together to Austria where the two kings met the emperor and went on to Vienna. The Emperor promised to cease his support of Moscow against Lithuania and Poland, and to arbitrate in disputes between the Teutonic Order and Poland under the Second Treaty of Thorn. Maximilan and Vladislaus decided in the congress: their mutual succession treaty was further confirmed by a double wedding. Accordingly, Vladislaus's only son, Louis, married the Emperor's granddaughter Mary; and Emperor's brother, Archduke Ferdinand, married Vladislaus' daughter, Anna. The Habsburg claims to the succession in Hungary and Bohemia were advanced substantially by the marriages. A woodcut by Albrecht Dürer commemorates the double wedding on 22 July 1515.
Vladislaus died on 13 March 1516, and Maximilian died on 12 January 1519, but his designs were ultimately successful: on Louis's death in 1526, he was succeeded as King of Bohemia by Maximilian's grandson, Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor.
References
- ^ ""Panonnian Renaissance: The Hunyadis and the Jagiello Age (1437-1526)" Encyclopaedia Humana Hungarica
- Borderlands of Western Civilization: A History of East Central Europe, Oskar Halecki, 1952. ISBN 0-9665734-8-X.
- v
- t
- e
- Personal union of Hungary and Croatia (1102)
- Hungarian–Byzantine Treaties (1153–1167)
- Concordat of 1161
- Concordat of 1169
- Oath of Bereg (1233)
- Treaty of Pressburg (1271)
- Treaty of Enns (1336)
- Hungarian–Lithuanian Treaty (1351)
- Hungarian–Neapolitan Treaty (1352)
- Treaty of Zara (1358)
- Treaty of Lubowla (1412)
- Peace of Szeged (1444)
- Peace Treaty of Wiener Neustadt (1463)
- Treaty of Ófalu (1474)
- Treaty of Brno (1478)
- Treaty of Piotrków (1479)
- Peace of Olomouc (1479)
- Treaty of Pressburg (1491)
- First Congress of Vienna (1515)
reconquest and Napoleonic Wars
(1526–1848)
- Franco-Hungarian alliance (1526)
- Treaty of Nagyvárad (1538)
- Treaty of Gyalu (1541)
- Confessio Pentapolitana (1549)
- Treaty of Speyer (1570)
- Treaty of Szatmár (1711)
| |
| |
|
to the end of World War I (1848–1922)
- Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
- Croatian–Hungarian Settlement (1868)
- League of the Three Emperors (1873)
- Treaty of Bern (1874)
- Reichstadt Agreement (1876)
- Budapest Convention of 1877 (1877)
- Treaty of Berlin (1878)
- Dual Alliance (1879)
- Triple Alliance (1882)
- Boxer Protocol (1901)
- Treaty of London (1913)
- Armistice of Focșani (1917)
- Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Ukraine (1918)
- Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)
- Treaty of Bucharest (1918)
- Armistice of Villa Giusti (1918)
- Treaty of Trianon (1920)
- Armistice with Romania (1920)
- Bill of dethronement (1921)
- U.S.–Hungarian Peace Treaty (1921)
- Covenant of the League of Nations (1922)
- Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (1922–1946)
- Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
- Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic (1949–89)
- Treaties of the Third Republic of Hungary (1989–)