Representation of a quantum group
A crystal base for a representation of a quantum group on a
-vector space is not a base of that vector space but rather a
-base of
where
is a
-lattice in that vector space. Crystal bases appeared in the work of Kashiwara (1990) and also in the work of Lusztig (1990). They can be viewed as specializations as
of the canonical basis defined by Lusztig (1990).
Definition
As a consequence of its defining relations, the quantum group
can be regarded as a Hopf algebra over the field of all rational functions of an indeterminate q over
, denoted
.
For simple root
and non-negative integer
, define
![{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}e_{i}^{(0)}=f_{i}^{(0)}&=1\\e_{i}^{(n)}&={\frac {e_{i}^{n}}{[n]_{q_{i}}!}}\\[6pt]f_{i}^{(n)}&={\frac {f_{i}^{n}}{[n]_{q_{i}}!}}\end{aligned}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fb435d8a1e4143eae1486c23c7b1f296884d5527)
In an integrable module
, and for weight
, a vector
(i.e. a vector
in
with weight
) can be uniquely decomposed into the sums
![{\displaystyle u=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }f_{i}^{(n)}u_{n}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }e_{i}^{(n)}v_{n},}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/24b656b85ebf91c1b76e95ed9ff98d62bd515bbc)
where
,
,
only if
, and
only if
.
Linear mappings
can be defined on
by
![{\displaystyle {\tilde {e}}_{i}u=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }f_{i}^{(n-1)}u_{n}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }e_{i}^{(n+1)}v_{n},}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f308fae63d5227d405cb754f4a49e9c0ab77eb06)
![{\displaystyle {\tilde {f}}_{i}u=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }f_{i}^{(n+1)}u_{n}=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }e_{i}^{(n-1)}v_{n}.}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/803e36aea6d343251c733d8593818edb27e40fac)
Let
be the integral domain of all rational functions in
which are regular at
(i.e. a rational function
is an element of
if and only if there exist polynomials
and
in the polynomial ring
such that
, and
).
A crystal base for
is an ordered pair
, such that
is a free
-submodule of
such that ![{\displaystyle M=\mathbb {Q} (q)\otimes _{A}L;}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cb7b9965f82c177e195c6cb89776047460ca302)
is a
-basis of the vector space
over ![{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} ,}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/91185244fbdded6ea99a5e9e6603299128b10928)
and
, where
and ![{\displaystyle B_{\lambda }=B\cap (L_{\lambda }/qL_{\lambda }),}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81673250be4bb5925db44c1a6164e8885838e488)
and ![{\displaystyle {\tilde {f}}_{i}L\subset L{\text{ for all }}i,}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/16014cbc817768c6e978b662235cac24d1082aba)
and ![{\displaystyle {\tilde {f}}_{i}B\subset B\cup \{0\}{\text{ for all }}i,}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d496181c58da7a0c4ce54b4b84b4a20272f0d695)
![{\displaystyle {\text{for all }}b\in B{\text{ and }}b'\in B,{\text{ and for all }}i,\quad {\tilde {e}}_{i}b=b'{\text{ if and only if }}{\tilde {f}}_{i}b'=b.}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9ccaf320c5d4c4962d3e5266b0f870183c0d5639)
To put this into a more informal setting, the actions of
and
are generally singular at
on an integrable module
. The linear mappings
and
on the module are introduced so that the actions of
and
are regular at
on the module. There exists a
-basis of weight vectors
for
, with respect to which the actions of
and
are regular at
for all i. The module is then restricted to the free
-module generated by the basis, and the basis vectors, the
-submodule and the actions of
and
are evaluated at
. Furthermore, the basis can be chosen such that at
, for all
,
and
are represented by mutual transposes, and map basis vectors to basis vectors or 0.
A crystal base can be represented by a directed graph with labelled edges. Each vertex of the graph represents an element of the
-basis
of
, and a directed edge, labelled by i, and directed from vertex
to vertex
, represents that
(and, equivalently, that
), where
is the basis element represented by
, and
is the basis element represented by
. The graph completely determines the actions of
and
at
. If an integrable module has a crystal base, then the module is irreducible if and only if the graph representing the crystal base is connected (a graph is called "connected" if the set of vertices cannot be partitioned into the union of nontrivial disjoint subsets
and
such that there are no edges joining any vertex in
to any vertex in
).
For any integrable module with a crystal base, the weight spectrum for the crystal base is the same as the weight spectrum for the module, and therefore the weight spectrum for the crystal base is the same as the weight spectrum for the corresponding module of the appropriate Kac–Moody algebra. The multiplicities of the weights in the crystal base are also the same as their multiplicities in the corresponding module of the appropriate Kac–Moody algebra.
It is a theorem of Kashiwara that every integrable highest weight module has a crystal base. Similarly, every integrable lowest weight module has a crystal base.
Tensor products of crystal bases
Let
be an integrable module with crystal base
and
be an integrable module with crystal base
. For crystal bases, the coproduct
, given by
![{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Delta (k_{\lambda })&=k_{\lambda }\otimes k_{\lambda }\\\Delta (e_{i})&=e_{i}\otimes k_{i}^{-1}+1\otimes e_{i}\\\Delta (f_{i})&=f_{i}\otimes 1+k_{i}\otimes f_{i}\end{aligned}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/932792d05e32572a7593b66bcd1105774d6600d8)
is adopted. The integrable module
has crystal base
, where
. For a basis vector
, define
![{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i}(b)=\max \left\{n\geq 0:{\tilde {e}}_{i}^{n}b\neq 0\right\}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c02a2ed0e1a64453d545e8a4e71e3d1a1cca8870)
![{\displaystyle \varphi _{i}(b)=\max \left\{n\geq 0:{\tilde {f}}_{i}^{n}b\neq 0\right\}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7010f660c9e321b79d9247564bb6db0e91da694f)
The actions of
and
on
are given by
![{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\tilde {e}}_{i}(b\otimes b')&={\begin{cases}{\tilde {e}}_{i}b\otimes b'&\varphi _{i}(b)\geq \varepsilon _{i}(b')\\b\otimes {\tilde {e}}_{i}b'&\varphi _{i}(b)<\varepsilon _{i}(b')\end{cases}}\\{\tilde {f}}_{i}(b\otimes b')&={\begin{cases}{\tilde {f}}_{i}b\otimes b'&\varphi _{i}(b)>\varepsilon _{i}(b')\\b\otimes {\tilde {f}}_{i}b'&\varphi _{i}(b)\leq \varepsilon _{i}(b')\end{cases}}\end{aligned}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/223f60587d1c861403ef5af8e0e9060e1bea2c07)
The decomposition of the product two integrable highest weight modules into irreducible submodules is determined by the decomposition of the graph of the crystal base into its connected components (i.e. the highest weights of the submodules are determined, and the multiplicity of each highest weight is determined).
References
- Jantzen, Jens Carsten (1996), Lectures on quantum groups, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, vol. 6, Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-0478-0, MR 1359532
- Kashiwara, Masaki (1990), "Crystalizing the q-analogue of universal enveloping algebras", Communications in Mathematical Physics, 133 (2): 249–260, doi:10.1007/bf02097367, ISSN 0010-3616, MR 1090425, S2CID 121695684
- Lusztig, G. (1990), "Canonical bases arising from quantized enveloping algebras", Journal of the American Mathematical Society, 3 (2): 447–498, doi:10.2307/1990961, ISSN 0894-0347, JSTOR 1990961, MR 1035415
External links
- Crystal basis at the nLab