Common vole

Species of rodent

Common vole
Conservation status

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Cricetidae
Subfamily: Arvicolinae
Genus: Microtus
Subgenus: Microtus
Species:
M. arvalis
Binomial name
Microtus arvalis
(Pallas, 1778)
Common vole distribution
Synonyms[2]

Microtus obscurus (Eversmann, 1841)

The common vole (Microtus arvalis) is a European rodent.

Distribution and habitat

The common vole is hardly restricted in means of distribution and habitat and inhabits large areas of Eurasia but, apart from the Orkney vole, not the British Isles. As Microtus arvalis followed human civilization, primary and secondary habitats can be distinguished. The primary habitats are everything but dense forests, such as meadows, heath lands, and fallow land. The secondary habitats are mainly agricultural fields, where shallow sloped areas are preferred. The natural food of the common vole is grass, but it also feeds on many agricultural crops (within secondary habitats) and here its reproduction is faster than in primary habitats.

Reproduction, demography, and predation

After pregnancy of 16 to 24 days, females give birth to 3 to 8 juveniles, weighing between 1.0 and 3.1 g. Weaning is around the 20th day. Female juveniles can be impregnated from the 13th day after birth. Hence, first birth can be given from the 33rd day. During annual reproduction, which starts in March and ends in October, females usually have three reproductive cycles. The average life span is 4.5 months, which means that most animals die after the last reproduction in October, while the latest offspring in the year survives the winter and starts reproduction the following spring. Weights can reach 51 g in males and 42 g in non-pregnant females. Sex ratio at birth is equal, but becomes female-biased as the animals mature or with increasing population density when the ratio can level off to 3:1 or even 4:1 in favour of females. These ratios depict an intense competition for female mates, which leads to higher mortality and dispersal rates among the males. Population density varies seasonally and exhibits a considerable long-term fluctuation that shows typically three-year or five-year cycles. Densities can range from 100 individuals per ha (very low level) over 500 individuals per ha (medium level) up to 2000 individuals per ha in some years. As reaction females' reproduction can decrease or even stop. Not only influenced by population level, reproduction rate can change with the amount and quality of food and light. Self-regulation (e.g. decrease of reproduction rate) has been addressed to be a response to increased population densities. However, M. arvalis is one of the main food sources of a considerable number of predators in Central Europe. Buzzard, kestrel, long-eared owl, tawny owl, and barn owl are some of the birds that feed on the common vole and so delimit population sizes. Ground-predators are mainly weasel, stoat, adder, polecat, fox and boar.

Territories and nests

M. arvalis maintains aboveground runways, which expand like a railway-system through the entire home range. Voles are seldom seen outside these runways, which enable a faster and safer locomotion and easier orientation. The climbing ability of the common vole is very poor. Underground nests are dug 30–40 cm (12–16 in) deep into the ground and are used for food storage, offspring raising, and as a place for rest and sleep. Nests can be shared and defended by up to five females with juveniles that are related in most cases. Females are territorial and an overlap of occupied areas does not occur. Hence, the number of colonies increases with individual number (i.e. population density). As common voles have a polygynous mating system the males do not maintain territories and move as so-called "floaters" between several females' territories in order to mate as often as possible. They can show overlap in territories. These findings are supported by the different home range sizes of males (1200–1500 m2) and females (300–400 m2) that can decrease in both males and females as population density rises. Another response to population growth is to leave the original habitat and move towards another one. Males predominantly conduct dispersal, being most often caused by the competition for mates.

See also

References

  1. ^ Yigit, N.; Hutterer, R.; Krystufek, B. & Amori, G. (2016). "Microtus arvalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13488A22351133. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T13488A22351133.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Microtus obscurus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  • Baillie, J. 1996. Microtus obscurus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
  • Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894–1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
  • Niethammer, J. and Krapp, F. 1982. Handbuch der Säugetiere Mitteleuropas. – Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Wiesbaden

External links

Media related to Microtus arvalis at Wikimedia Commons

  • v
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Extant species of subfamily Arvicolinae
Arvicolini
Arvicola
(Water voles)
  • European water vole (A. amphibius)
  • Southwestern water vole (A. sapidus)
  • Montane water vole (A. scherman)
Microtini
Alexandromys
  • Clarke's vole (M. clarkei)
  • Evorsk vole (M. evoronensis)
  • Reed vole (M. fortis)
  • Gerbe's vole (M. gerbei)
  • Taiwan vole (M. kikuchii)
  • Lacustrine vole (M. limnophilus)
  • Maximowicz's vole (M. maximowiczii)
  • Middendorff's vole (M. middendorffi)
  • Mongolian vole (M. mongolicus)
  • Japanese grass vole (M. montebelli)
  • Muisk vole (M. mujanensis)
  • Tundra vole (M. oeconomus)
  • Sakhalin vole (M. sachalinensis)
Chionomys
(Snow voles)
  • Caucasian snow vole (C. gud)
  • European snow vole (C. nivalis)
  • Robert's snow vole (C. roberti)
Hyperacrius
(Voles from Pakistan)
  • True's vole (H. fertilis)
  • Murree vole (H. wynnei)
Lasiopodomys
  • Brandt's vole (L. brandtii)
  • Plateau vole (L. fuscus)
  • Mandarin vole (L. mandarinus)
Lemmiscus
  • Sagebrush vole (L. curtatus)
Microtus
(Voles)
  • Subgenus Microtus: Field vole (M. agrestis)
  • Anatolian vole (M. anatolicus)
  • Common vole (M. arvalis)
  • Cabrera's vole (M. cabrerae)
  • Doğramaci's vole (M. dogramacii)
  • Günther's vole (M. guentheri)
  • Tien Shan vole (M. ilaeus)
  • Persian vole (M. irani)
  • Kerman vole (M. kermanensis)
  • Southern vole (M. levis)
  • Paradox vole (M. paradoxus)
  • Qazvin vole (M. qazvinensis)
  • Schidlovsky's vole (M. schidlovskii)
  • Social vole (M. socialis)
  • European pine vole (M. subterraneus)
  • Transcaspian vole (M. transcaspicus)
  • Subgenus Blanfordimys: Afghan vole (B. afghanus)
  • Bucharian vole (B. bucharicus)
  • Juniper vole (B. juldaschi)
  • Subgenus Terricola: Bavarian pine vole (M. bavaricus)
  • Calabria pine vole (M. brachycercus)
  • Daghestan pine vole (M. daghestanicus)
  • Mediterranean pine vole (M. duodecimcostatus)
  • Felten's vole (M. felteni)
  • Liechtenstein's pine vole (M. liechtensteini)
  • Lusitanian pine vole (M. lusitanicus)
  • Major's pine vole (M. majori)
  • Alpine pine vole (M. multiplex)
  • Savi's pine vole (M. savii)
  • Tatra pine vole (M. tatricus)
  • Thomas's pine vole (M. thomasi)
  • Subgenus Mynomes: Beach Vole (M. breweri)
  • Gray-tailed vole (M. canicaudus)
  • Montane vole (M. montanus)
  • Creeping vole (M. oregoni)
  • Meadow vole (M. pennsylvanicus)
  • Townsend's vole (M. townsendii)
  • Subgenus Pitymys: Guatemalan vole (M. guatemalensis)
  • Tarabundí vole (M. oaxacensis)
  • Woodland Vole (M. pinetorum)
  • Jalapan pine vole (M. quasiater)
  • Subgenus Pedomys: Prairie vole (M. ochrogaster)
  • Subgenus Hyrcanicola: Schelkovnikov's pine vole (M. schelkovnikovi)
  • incertae sedis: Insular vole (M. abbreviatus)
  • California vole (M. californicus)
  • Rock vole (M. chrotorrhinus)
  • Long-tailed vole (M. longicaudus)
  • Mexican vole (M. mexicanus)
  • Singing vole (M. miurus)
  • Water vole (M. richardsoni)
  • Zempoaltépec vole (M. umbrosus)
  • Taiga vole (M. xanthognathus)
Neodon
(Mountain voles)
  • Forrest's mountain vole (N. forresti)
  • Chinese scrub vole (N. irene)
  • Linzhi mountain vole (N. linzhiensis)
  • Sikkim mountain vole (N. sikimensis)
  • Blyth's vole (N. leucurus)
Proedromys
Stenocranius
  • Narrow-headed vole (S. gregalis)
  • Radde's vole (S. raddei)
Volemys
  • Szechuan vole (V. millicens)
  • Marie's vole (V. musseri)
Dicrostonychini
(Collared lemmings)
Dicrostonyx
  • Northern collared lemming (D. groenlandicus)
  • Ungava collared lemming (D. hudsonius)
  • Nelson's collared lemming (D. nelsoni)
  • Ogilvie Mountains collared lemming (D. nunatakensis)
  • Richardson's collared lemming (D. richardsoni)
  • Arctic lemming (D. torquatus)
  • Unalaska collared lemming (D. unalascensis)
Ellobiusini
(mole voles)
Ellobius
(Mole voles)
  • Alai mole vole (E. alaicus)
  • Southern mole vole (E. fuscocapillus)
  • Transcaucasian mole vole (E. lutescens)
  • Northern mole vole (E. talpinus)
  • Zaisan mole vole (E. tancrei)
Lagurini
(Steppe lemmings)
Eolagurus
  • Yellow steppe lemming (E. luteus)
  • Przewalski's steppe lemming (E. przewalskii)
Lagurus
  • Steppe lemming (L. lagurus)
Lemmini
(Lemmings)
Lemmus
(True lemmings)
  • Amur lemming (L. amurensis)
  • Norway lemming (L. lemmus)
  • Beringian lemming (L. nigripes)
  • Wrangel Island lemming (L. paulus)
  • Siberian brown lemming (L. sibiricus)
  • North American brown lemming (L. trimucronatus)
Myopus
  • Wood lemming (M. schisticolor)
Synaptomys
(Bog lemmings)
  • Northern bog lemming (S. borealis)
  • Southern bog lemming (S. cooperi)
Clethrionomyini
Alticola
(Voles from
Central Asia)
  • Subgenus Alticola: White-tailed mountain vole (A. albicauda)
  • Silver mountain vole (A. argentatus)
  • Gobi Altai mountain vole (A. barakshin)
  • Central Kashmir vole (A. montosa)
  • Royle's mountain vole (A. roylei)
  • Mongolian silver vole (A. semicanus)
  • Stolička's mountain vole (A. stoliczkanus)
  • Tuva silver vole (A. tuvinicus)
  • Subgenus Aschizomys: Lemming vole (A. lemminus)
  • Large-eared vole (A. macrotis)
  • Lake Baikal mountain vole (A. olchonensis)
  • Subgenus Platycranius: Flat-headed vole (A. strelzowi)
Caryomys
  • Ganzu vole (C. eva)
  • Kolan vole (C. inez)
Eothenomys
(Voles from
East Asia)
  • Kachin red-backed vole (E. cachinus)
  • Pratt's vole (E. chinensis)
  • Southwest China vole (E. custos)
  • Père David's vole (E. melanogaster)
  • Yunnan red-backed vole (E. miletus)
  • Chaotung vole (E. olitor)
  • Yulungshan vole (E. proditor)
  • Ward's red-backed vole (E. wardi)
Clethrionomys
(some Red-backed
voles)
  • Western red-backed vole (C. californicus)
  • Tien Shan red-backed vole (C. centralis)
  • Southern red-backed Vole (C. gapperi)
  • Bank vole (C. glareolus)
  • Imaizumi's red-backed vole (C. imaizumii)
  • Northern red-backed vole (C. rutilus)
  • Shansei vole (C. shanseius)
Craseomys
(other Red-backed
voles)
  • Japanese red-backed vole (C. andersoni)
  • Royal vole (C. regulus)
  • Hokkaido red-backed vole (C. rex)
  • Grey red-backed vole (C. rufocanus)
  • Smith's vole (C. smithii)
Ondatrini
Neofiber
  • Round-tailed muskrat (N. alleni)
Ondatra
  • Muskrat (O. zibethicus)
Pliomyini
Dinaromys
  • Balkan snow vole (D. bogdanovi)
Pliophenacomyini
Arborimus
(Tree voles)
  • White-footed vole (A. albipes)
  • Red tree vole (A. longicaudus)
  • California red tree mouse (A. pomo)
Phenacomys
(Heather voles)
  • Western heather vole (P. intermedius)
  • Eastern heather vole (P. ungava)
Prometheomyini
Prometheomys
  • Long-clawed mole vole (P. schaposchnikowi)
Taxon identifiers
Microtus arvalis
Mus arvalis
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