Overview of the events of 1931 in science
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The year 1931 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy
Chemistry
Earth sciences
History of science
Mathematics
Physics
Physiology and medicine
Technology
- May 27 – Swiss-born scientist Auguste Piccard and his assistant, engineer Paul Kipfer, taking off from Augsburg, Germany, reach a record altitude of 15,785 m (51,788 ft) in a balloon with a pressurized gondola, gathering data on the upper atmosphere and measuring cosmic rays, the first human flight into the stratosphere.
- October 5 – American aviators Clyde Edward Pangborn and Hugh Herndon, Jr., complete the first non-stop flight across the Pacific Ocean, from Misawa, Japan, to East Wenatchee, Washington, in 41½ hours.[13]
- October 24 – The George Washington Bridge across the Hudson River in the United States is dedicated; it opens to traffic the following day. At 3,500 feet (1,100 m), it nearly doubles the previous record for the longest suspension span in the world.
- November 19 – David Gottlieb introduces his Baffle Ball machine in the United States, the first commercially successful pinball table.[14]
- December 14 – British electronics engineer Alan Blumlein of EMI submits a UK patent application for "Improvements in and relating to Sound-transmission, Sound-recording and Sound-reproducing Systems" – binaural or stereophonic sound.
- László Bíró first exhibits his ballpoint pen, in Budapest.
- George Beauchamp invents the electric guitar.[15]
- John H. Sharp of Chicago files the first patent for a torque wrench.
- Construction of the Hoover Dam begins on the Colorado River in the United States (chief designing engineer: John L. Savage).
Other events
Awards
Births
- January 20 – David Lee, American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- January 28 – Chen Xingbi (died 2019), Chinese electronics engineer.
- February 10 – Carl Rettenmeyer (died 2009), American biologist specialising in army ants.
- March 22 – Burton Richter (died 2018), American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- March 25 – John A. Eddy (died 2009), American astronomer.
- May 25 – Georgy Grechko (died 2017), Soviet Russian cosmonaut.
- May 31 – John Robert Schrieffer (died 2019), American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- June 27
- August 8 – Roger Penrose, English mathematical physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- August 15 – Richard F. Heck (died 2015), American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
- August 20 – Ayhan Ulubelen, Turkish natural product chemist.
- August 23 – Hamilton O. Smith, American microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- August 30 – Jack Swigert (died 1982), American astronaut.
- September 10 – Idelisa Bonnelly, Dominican marine biologist.
- September 21 – Syukuro Manabe, Japanese-born climatologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- September 27 – W. Maxwell Cowan (died 2002), South African neuroanatomist.
- September 29 – James Watson Cronin (died 2016), American nuclear physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- October 1 – Emory Kemp (died 2020), American civil engineering historian.
- October 6 – Riccardo Giacconi, Italian-born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- October 9 – Magdalena K. P. Smith Meyer (died 2004), South African acarologist.
- October 12 – Ole-Johan Dahl (died 2002), Norwegian computer scientist, pioneer of object-oriented programming.
- October 15 – A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (died 2015), President of India and rocket scientist.
- October 25 – Klaus Hasselmann, German climatologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- November 28 – Gurdev Singh Gill (died 2023), Indian-born Canadian physician.
- December 30 – John T. Houghton (died 2020), British climate scientist.
Deaths
- January 1 – Martinus Beijerinck (born 1851), Dutch microbiologist and botanist.
- February 2 – Frederick Marten Hale (born 1864), British explosives engineer.
- February 3 – Herman Frederik Carel ten Kate (born 1858), Dutch anthropologist.
- February 11 – Sir Charles Parsons (born 1854), British inventor of the steam turbine.
- February 24 – Fanny Gates (born 1872), American physicist[16]
- February 26 – Otto Wallach (born 1847), German chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
- May 9 – Albert A. Michelson (born 1852), Polish American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- May 23 – Aldred Scott Warthin (born 1867), American cancer geneticist.
- July 6 – Edward Goodrich Acheson (born 1856), American industrial chemist.
- September 20 – Joan Beauchamp Procter (born 1897), English herpetologist.
- October 8 – General Sir John Monash (born 1865), Australian civil engineer.
- October 17 – Alfons Maria Jakob (born 1884), German neuropathologist.
- October 18 – Thomas Edison (born 1847), American inventor.
- November 27 – Sir David Bruce (born 1855), Scottish microbiologist.
References
- ^ Urey, Harold C.; Brickwedde, F. G.; Murphy, G. M. (1932). "A Hydrogen Isotope of Mass 2". Physical Review. 39: 164–5. Bibcode:1932PhRv...39..164U. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.39.164. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
- ^ Rzepa, Henry S. "The aromaticity of Pericyclic reaction transition states". Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London. Retrieved 2007-03-26.
- ^ Kistler, S. S. (1931). "Coherent expanded aerogels and jellies". Nature. 127 (3211): 741. Bibcode:1931Natur.127..741K. doi:10.1038/127741a0. S2CID 4077344.
- ^ Kistler, S. S. (1932). "Coherent Expanded-Aerogels". Journal of Physical Chemistry. 36 (1): 52–64. doi:10.1021/j150331a003.
- ^ Pajonk, G. M. (1991-05-16). "Aerogel catalysts". Applied Catalysis. 72 (2): 217–266. doi:10.1016/0166-9834(91)85054-Y. ISSN 0166-9834.
- ^ Barron, Randall F.; Nellis, Gregory F. (2016). Cryogenic Heat Transfer (2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 41. ISBN 9781482227451. Archived from the original on 2017-11-22.
- ^ Dirac, P. A. M. (1931). "Quantised Singularities in the Electromagnetic Field". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 133 (821). London: 60–72. Bibcode:1931RSPSA.133...60D. doi:10.1098/rspa.1931.0130.
- ^ Woodruff, Alice Miles; Goodpasture, Ernest W. (May 1931). "The Susceptibility of the Chorio-Allantoic Membrane of Chick Embryos to Infection with the Fowl-Pox Virus". The American Journal of Pathology. 7 (3): 209–222. PMC 2062632. PMID 19969963.
- ^ Goodpasture, E. W.; Woodruff, Alice M.; Buddingh, G. J. (9 October 1931). "The Cultivation of Vaccine and Other Viruses in the Chorioallantoic Membrane of Chick Embryos". Science. 74 (1919): 371–372. doi:10.1126/science.74.1919.371. ISSN 0036-8075.
- ^ Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats (2005). "1: The Story of Influenza". In Knobler, S.; Mack, A.; Mahmoud, A.; Lemon, S. (eds.). The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. pp. 60–61. doi:10.17226/11150. ISBN 978-0-309-09504-4. PMID 20669448.
- ^ Taubenberger, J. K.; Hultin, J. V.; Morens, D. M. (2007). "Discovery and characterization of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus in historical context". Antiviral Therapy. 12 (4B): 581–591. PMC 2391305. PMID 17944266.
- ^ Wills, L. (1931). "Treatment of 'pernicious anaemia' of pregnancy and 'tropical anaemia', with special reference to yeast extract as a curative agent". British Medical Journal. 1 (3676): 1059–64. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3676.1059. PMC 2314785. PMID 20776230.
- ^ "Pangborn-Herndon Memorial Site". Aviation: From Sand Dunes To Sonic Booms. National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
- ^ "The Pinball Hall of Fame in Las Vegas, NV - Episode 209". Travel Thru History. 2014-01-21. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
- ^ Millard, André, ed. (2004). The Electric Guitar: a History of an American Icon. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-7862-4.
- ^ "Fanny Cook Gates". cwp.library.ucla.edu.